Imaging system, method, and applications

ABSTRACT

A multicamera panoramic imaging system having no parallax. In an example, the multicamera panoramic imaging system includes multiple discrete, imaging systems disposed in a side-by-side array, wherein a field of view of each discrete, imaging systems is conjoined with a field of view of each adjacent discrete imaging system, further wherein a stencil of chief rays at the edge of the field of view of any one of the discrete imaging systems will be substantially parallel to a stencil of chief rays at the edge of the field of view of any adjacent ones of the discrete imaging systems such that all of the substantially parallel stencils of chief rays appear to converge to a common point when viewed from object space. A method for forming an image of an object having no parallax.

RELATED APPLICATION DATA

The instant application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/420,752, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/309,180, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,341,559 B2, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 61/989,136 filed May 6, 2014, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

Aspects and embodiments of the invention are most generally directed to an optical imaging system, methods pertaining thereto, and applications thereof; more particularly to a panoramic optical imaging system, methods pertaining thereto, and applications thereof; and, most particularly to a panoramic optical imaging system that has zero or substantially no parallax, methods pertaining thereto, and applications thereof.

Description of Related Art

Current 360 degree systems without parallax employ an arrangement of mirrors to scan the image and are limited by an imaging speed of 10 frames per second (fps). Google uses a 360 degree camera with refractive lenses developed by Immersive Media to capture photos for its Streetview software. The photos must be post-processed and corrected for parallax, costing time, which reduces Google's ability to scale its Streetview initiatives. Fisheye lenses provide wide angle imaging but at the cost of high distortion. Distortion is the physical result of mapping a large spherical object onto a small flat image plane.

Some companies have developed optical systems to simplify the process of taking a panoramic image. Rather than rotating the camera to get multiple shots, all of the photos are captured simultaneously with many cameras imaging different parts of the scene. Immersive Media and Greypoint Imaging have developed single shot 360 degree cameras that are available for varying price tags between $10,000 and $100,000. Both companies develop software to automatically correct for the artifacts (parallax) created in the image and offer a better solution than panoramas captured by one camera, e.g., the iPhone camera. The software, however, is not perfect and many artifacts still exist in the images. Anecdotally, Google, had one person carry a Dodeca 360 camera (offered by Immersive Media) around the Grand Canyon, and had to employ programmers to correct the images frame by frame for the artifacts induced by parallax.

Parallax and the Chief Rays of an Optical System

Parallax is defined as “the effect whereby the position or direction of an object appears to differ when viewed from different positions, e.g., through the viewfinder and the lens of a camera.” Parallax is created as a result of stitching together images from multiple cameras, each with its own unique perspective of the world.

Referring to FIG. 1, the chief ray 20 of an optical system 10 is the meridional ray that starts at the edge of an object 12, crosses the center of the optical axis 16 at the aperture stop 18, and ends at the edge of the image 14 at the detector. Thus, the chief ray defines the size of an image.

The chief ray plays a critical role in the parallax created by stitching together multiple images. FIG. 2 illustrates two optical systems (cameras) 25 side by side. For the lens unit on top, the square, triangle and rectangle are mapped to the same point in the image, whereas for the lens unit on bottom they are mapped to three distinct points as shown. In the top imaging system 25, they are imaged by the same chief ray 20, whereas for the bottom imaging system, they are imaged by three distinct chief rays. When combining the two images 14 in FIG. 3, parallax would occur and an image 14 as shown in FIG. 4 would result.

The search for an algorithm that can correct for parallax has been going on for many years. Many solutions have been developed but even with the most sophisticated algorithms to date, artifacts are still left in panoramic images. For some, this may not be a problem as software engineers can be hired to fix the images frame by frame; however, for the general consumer this option of correcting each image is not feasible. A better solution is needed that effectively corrects for parallax before such a system can be made available to the consumer market. It is preferable to solve the problem of reducing parallax in an image optically, rather than computationally.

Current designs created for single shot panoramic imaging suffer from parallax because they are created from imaging systems with overlapping fields of view. FIG. 5 is taken from U.S. Pat. No. 2,696,758. This figure illustrates how parallax is created in the 360 degree imaging systems 50 available today. The field of views 28 overlap and a triangle that appears at the edge of the FOV 28 for the bottom lens system will appear at around 0.707 times the FOV 28 in the imaging system on top. Thus, the triangle is mapped to different image points for each camera 25. On the bottom it is mapped to the full FOV 28 (the edge of the image).

The inventor has thus recognized the advantages and benefits of a panoramic imaging system and associated methods in which there is no parallax, and where the parallax is eliminated optically rather than by post-processing software. Such a system would have applications including providing a scalable way to map the streets of the planet; allowing for the creation of virtual tours, both of cities and of private institutions; high frame-rate video surveillance; military applications including drone and tank technology; an alternative for fisheye lenses which provide wide angle imaging at the cost of high distortion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates the chief ray of an optical system. The chief ray defines the height of the object as well as the height of the image.

FIG. 2 illustrates why parallax occurs when multiple refractive imaging systems are used to capture an image of a scene. In the lens unit on top, the three objects are mapped to the same image point; in the bottom lens unit they are mapped to three separate image points.

FIG. 3 (left) illustrates the image formed by the top lens unit in FIG. 2, whereas the image on the right is that formed by the bottom lens unit.

FIG. 4 shows the image that would result from combining the two images in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 illustrates how parallax occurs in the cameras created today. The field of views overlaps and a triangle that appears at the edge of the FOV for the bottom lens system will appear at around 0.707 times the FOV in the imaging system on top. Thus, the triangle is mapped to different image points for each camera. On bottom it is mapped to the full FOV (the edge of the image).

FIG. 6 illustrates two imaging systems side by side which do not have parallax. The chief rays at the edge of each system are constrained to lie parallel one another. Thus, objects lying along this line are imaged to the same point in the image plane.

FIG. 7 illustrates the location of the non-parallax (NP) Point (as defined below) for both imaging systems shown.

FIG. 8 shows that the chief rays 20 at the edge of the FOV 28 are not parallel, thus the NP Points 60 lie in different locations.

FIG. 9 illustrates an imaging system with NP Point lying before image sensor.

FIG. 10 illustrates two imaging systems aligned such that the chief rays at the edge of each ones FOV is parallel to the other.

FIG. 11 shows an imaging system with NP Point behind the image plane.

FIG. 12 shows a multiple unit imaging system with NP Points co-located.

FIG. 13 shows a 3-dimensional representation of a 360 degree lens system with edge rays constrained to lie along each dodecahedron face.

FIG. 14 shows a circle inscribed in a pentagon illustrating blind spots that would be created if lens was a circle rather than a pentagon.

FIG. 15 shows the first lens element of each system, initially designed to circumscribe regular pentagons.

FIG. 16: The diameter of the first lens element is constrained to be 1.7013a, where a is the side length of the regular pentagon.

FIG. 17: The distance from the center of the first lens element to the center of the dodecahedron (NP Point) is 1.1135a where a is the side length of the pentagon.

FIG. 18: The distance from the top of the pentagon face to the NP Point is constrained to be 1.31a where a is the side length of the regular pentagon. Here the NP Point is the center of the dodecahedron.

FIG. 19: Diagram illustrating the constraints imposed on the first lens element with respect to the center of the dodecahedron. “a” is the side length of each regular pentagon in the dodecahedron.

FIG. 20: Diagram illustrating that the maximal length of any element is constrained to fit within the 31.717 degree half angle cone of light emanating from the center of the dodecahedron.

FIG. 21: Three-dimensional representation of 1/12th of dodecahedron and angle between center of dodecahedron and center of pentagon edge.

FIG. 22: Three-dimensional representation of 1/12th of dodecahedron and angle between center of dodecahedron and edge of pentagon edge.

FIG. 23: Pentagon shaped lens element showing height to ray 1 and ray 37.

FIG. 24: Zemax diagram of current lens design showing Rays 1 and 37 in model.

FIG. 25: Three-dimensional Zemax diagram of current lens design from back.

FIG. 26: Three-dimensional Zemax diagram from side.

SUMMARY

An aspect of the invention is a multicamera panoramic imaging system having no parallax. According to a non-limiting embodiment, the multicamera panoramic imaging system includes a plurality of discrete, imaging systems disposed in a side-by-side array, wherein a field of view of each discrete, imaging system is conjoined with a field of view of each adjacent discrete imaging system, further wherein a stencil of chief rays at the edge of the field of view of any one of the discrete imaging systems will be substantially parallel to a stencil of chief rays at the edge of the field of view of any adjacent ones of the discrete imaging systems such that all of the substantially parallel stencils of chief rays appear to converge to a common point when viewed from object space. In various non-limiting embodiments, the multicamera panoramic imaging system may include or be further characterized by the following features, limitations, characteristics either alone or in various combinations thereof:

comprising a plurality of identical discrete imaging systems;

wherein at least 50% of the stencil of chief rays deviate from parallel by twenty degrees or less;

wherein each of the discrete imaging systems includes an image sensor, further wherein the apparent convergence point lies behind the image sensor of each of the discrete imaging systems;

wherein none of the discrete imaging systems physically overlap;

wherein the system has a dodecahedron geometry, further wherein the system is characterized by a 360 degree FOV;

wherein a front lens of each of the discrete imaging systems is a portion of a single, contiguous freeform optic;

wherein each image sensor is a wavefront sensor;

wherein each of the discrete imaging systems has a curved image plane so as to match a distortion and Petzval Curvature of the imaging system.

An aspect of the invention is a method for forming an image of an object having no parallax. According to a non-limiting embodiment, the method includes providing a panoramic imaging system, wherein the panoramic imaging system comprises a plurality of discrete imaging systems each characterized by a field of view; and constraining a stencil of chief rays at the edge of the field of view of every one of the discrete imaging systems to be substantially parallel to a stencil of chief rays at the edge of the field of view of an immediately adjacent one of the discrete imaging systems such that all of the parallel stencils of chief rays appear to converge to a common point when viewed from object space, wherein the imaging system is parallax-free. In various non-limiting embodiments, the panoramic imaging method may include or be further characterized by the following features, limitations, characteristics, steps either alone or in various combinations thereof:

further comprising constraining at least 50% of the stencil of chief rays to deviate from parallel by twenty degrees or less;

further comprising using an algorithm to correct a distortion aberration in a contiguous 360 degree image formed by the imaging system.

An aspect of the invention is a method for designing a (substantially) parallax-free, panoramic imaging system. According to a non-limiting embodiment, the method includes determining an overall panoramic imaging system geometry, wherein the overall panoramic imaging system comprises a plurality of discrete, imaging systems having respective fields of view, disposed in a side-by-side array such that the fields of view of adjacent imaging systems conjoin; designing the discrete imaging systems such that a stencil of chief rays at the edge of the field of view of one of the discrete imaging systems will be substantially parallel to a stencil of chief rays at the edge of the field of view of an adjacent one of the discrete imaging systems such that the substantially parallel stencil of chief rays would appear to converge to a common point when viewed from object space. In various non-limiting embodiments, the panoramic imaging method may include or be further characterized by the following features, limitations, characteristics, steps either alone or in various combinations thereof:

wherein the overall panoramic imaging system comprises a plurality of identical discrete imaging systems;

wherein in designing the discrete imaging systems, ensuring that there is no physical overlap between any of the plurality of the discrete imaging systems;

wherein in designing the discrete imaging systems, ensuring that the apparent convergence point lies behind a respective image sensor of each discrete imaging system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY, NON-LIMITING EMBODIMENTS

For a panoramic camera to achieve minimal parallax, the field of views (FOV) of the imaging systems must not overlap. Thus, the chief ray at the edge of the FOV must approach the optical system parallel to the chief rays at the edge of the adjacent optical system.

FIG. 6 illustrates two imaging systems 110 side by side which do not have parallax. The chief rays 140 at the edge of each system are constrained to lie parallel one another. Thus, objects lying along this line are imaged to the same point in the image plane 115. This is an approach that can be used to design the individual lens elements. The fields of view 130 do not overlap one another because the chief rays 140 at the blending angles are constrained to be parallel to one another and converge to a common point 160. The common point 160 will depend on the geometry in which the lenses 110 are encased. In other words, the chief rays 140 are constrained to be parallel such that they appear to cross the optical axis 120 at the same point when viewing the lens system 110 from object space 135. In actuality, they cross the optical axis 120 at an image sensor 125, which lies before this imaginary point, but it appears, looking into the lens system 110 from object space 135, that they cross at the same point.

NP Point (No Parallax Point)

To aid in the understanding of the previous concept, we define a term referred to as the No Parallax Point (NP Point). The NP Point 160 is an abstraction used for understanding how the chief rays 140 at the edge of the FOV 130 can physically be made to lie parallel to one another and what rules they should follow. The NP Point 160 is the point where the chief rays 140 at the edge of adjacent optical systems 110 intersect the optical axis when viewing the system from object space 135 for a panoramic imaging system 100 without parallax.

According to the embodied invention, the NP Points for each imaging system must lie in the same location. That is to say, that the rays of adjacent optical systems must be parallel. FIG. 9 shows an imaging system 25 with the NP Point 60 lying in front of the imaging sensor 40. FIG. 10 illustrates two imaging systems 25 aligned such that the chief rays 20 at the edge of each one's FOV 28 is parallel to the other. This constraint means that the NP Point 60 must be at the same location for both systems. When the NP Point 60 is in front of the image sensor 40, it is impossible to align the NP Points 60 without the lens elements overlapping. This system would not have any parallax, but it is physically impossible to implement. This indicates that when designing the optical system, the NP Point should lie behind all of the elements in the imaging system so that no elements physically overlap with one another.

FIG. 11 shows a system 210 where the NP Point 260 lies behind the image plane 215. When this is the case, it is possible to arrange multiple imaging systems 210 such that the fields of view 230 do not overlap, as shown in FIG. 12. The exact location of the NP Point 260 will be determined by the geometry of the lens arrangements. By arbitrarily picking a location, that is to say arbitrarily choosing a ray height and incident angle such that the chief ray 240 appears to cross the optical axis 220 behind the image plane 215, the geometry of lens systems may require hundreds of lens units to capture a full 360 degree image. The NP Point location must be determined after considering the geometry one may wish to use for the lenses (210).

An embodiment of the present invention relates to a multicamera panoramic imaging system 100, where the fields of adjacent imaging units 110 merge to form the composite field of view of the entire imaging system, as illustrated in the schematic of FIG. 7. Traditional panoramic imaging systems 50 put together imaging units 25 in such a way that their respective fields of view 28 overlap as illustrated in the schematic of FIG. 8, which leads to parallax in the resulting images, and requires corrective software to stitch the images together to remove the parallax.

In the instant exemplary embodiment, the rays striking the edge of one imaging unit are constrained to lie parallel to the incoming rays of an adjacent imaging unit so that both imaging systems share the same set of edge rays. As seen in the 3-dimensional model of FIG. 13, the rays 240 at the edge 250 of one imaging unit 210 are the same as those at the edge 250 of an adjacent imaging unit 210. The rays are the gray lines constrained to lie along the surface of the dodecahedron edge. The gray rays at the edge of each pentagon shaped lens 265 are coincident to the rays entering its neighboring surface. All rays at radii beneath the edge rays lie at smaller angles of incidence so that these rays do not overlap rays from adjacent systems 300.

The embodied panoramic imaging system 200 utilizes the aforementioned technique of designing an imaging system with a NP point 260 behind the image sensor (225), and combines multiple lens systems (210) in a dodecahedron geometry, to create a 360 degree FOV camera (200) with minimal or no parallax.

The first lens element 270 will be shaped into the surface of a regular pentagon 267. The complete system will be composed of 12 discrete imaging units 210, each with a common NP point 260 for rays along the edge of the pentagon 267 and constrained to have incident angles meeting the geometry specified by that of a dodecahedron.

A dodecahedron is a polyhedron with 12 surfaces. A polyhedron is a three dimensional solid consisting of a collection of polygons joined at the edges. Each side of the dodecahedron is a regular pentagon (a pentagon with equal length sides). Dodecahedrons have some important geometrical properties that must be understood in order to design a lens system 210 utilizing the geometry. The properties will be discussed in turn next after briefly discussing why the first lens must be shaped into the surface of a pentagon.

By using a circularly edged lens as the first element 270 in the dodecahedron geometry, it is not possible to capture all information in the 360 degree field of view using the current technique of aligning edge rays. The missing area from where the first lens 270 is inscribed in the pentagon 267 (shaded region in FIG. 14) creates blind spots. Because the fields of view 230 never overlap, this information is never captured. It can be calculated that the ratio between the area of a circle to the area of a pentagon 267 it is inscribed in is equal to n/5 or 62.83%. This is the maximal amount of information that we can record for the 360 degree field around us. Blind spots created between the lens and the pentagon delete nearly 40% of information in the 360 degree image.

The following description is meant to illustrate the geometry of a dodecahedron and is necessary when creating a lens system 210 utilizing the aforementioned NP technique and a dodecahedron geometry, but is not essential for the purposes of creating the no parallax, panoramic imaging system 200 embodied herein.

Property 1: Diameter of Circle Circumscribing Regular Pentagon

For each of the 12 individual lens systems 210, the first lens 270 will be designed such that it circumscribes each of the regular pentagons 267 of the dodecahedron as shown in FIG. 15. The diameter of a circle circumscribing a regular pentagon is:

D=a/sin(36°)=1.7013a

In the equation above, “a” is the side length of the regular pentagon. The first lens element 270 of each system (210) will fully circumscribe each pentagon 267 and so the diameter of the first lens element 270 for each system (210) is given as 1.7013a as illustrated in FIG. 16.

Property 2: Inscribed Sphere Touching Center of Each Pentagon

The radius of an inscribed sphere (tangent to each of the dodecahedron's faces) is:

$\overset{\_}{r_{i} = {{a\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\frac{5}{2} + {\frac{11}{10}\sqrt{5}}}} \approx {1.113516364 \cdot a}}}$

This radius is the distance from the center 280 of the dodecahedron, which will be the NP Point 260 for each lens (210) in this design, and the center of the pentagon's face, which coincides with the center (optical axis) of the first lens element 270 in a system occupying that pentagon. This point is at the center of each pentagon face. The length between the NP point 260 and the center of the dodecahedron is constrained to be 1.1135a where a is the length of one of the pentagon sides, as illustrated in FIG. 17.

Property 3: Mid-Radius of Dodecahedron

The mid-radius is the point connecting the center of the dodecahedron and the middle of each edge. This length is given as follows:

r _(m) =a¼(3+√{square root over (5)})≈1.309016994·a

This equation constrains the distance between the top of the pentagon face and the NP Point, as illustrated in FIG. 18.

Constraints

The geometric properties of a dodecahedron constrain the design of the 12 lenses (210) that will embody it. In particular, we have the following four parameters based upon the description given above:

1. Diameter of 1st lens element 270: 1.7013a;

2. Distance from 1st lens element 270 to center of dodecahedron: 1.1135a;

3. Distance from top of 1st lens element 270 to center of dodecahedron: 1.31a;

4. FOV=37.3777 degrees

Given any two of the first three constraints, we have that the angle between the optical axis 220 of the lens (210) and the top of the first lens element 270 is 37.3777 degrees (see FIG. 19):

tan⁻¹((1.7013/2)/1.1135)−37.377°

We want this angle of 37.37 degrees to be the field of view 230 of the lens (210). This will ensure that the NP Point 260, that is the point where the chief ray 240 of the blending (the blending angle being the full FOV) intersects the optical axis 220 in object space 235, lies at the center 280 of the dodecahedron. All of the other constraints will ensure that the lens elements 278 lie before the NP Point 260 and that the elements 278 fall within the 31.717 degree half angle cone of light.

Diameter of Other Lens Elements and Sensor

With the four constraints given above, we know what the size of each lens element 278 after the first (270) must be in order to fit into the dodecahedron geometry. In order for the preceding lens elements (278) to fit, any lens or sensor element must fit inside of the 31.717 degree cone of light beginning at the center of the dodecahedron and tangential to the diameter of the first lens element 270. As the distance from the first lens element 270 increases, the diameter of the preceding lens elements 278 will decrease proportionally (see FIG. 20).

The maximum diameter of any lens element 278 or sensor (225) preceding the first can be found geometrically to be less than or equal to (1.1135a−D)*tan(31.716 degrees) where D is the distance of that element from the first lens element 270.

Thus, we now have the five constraints that will allow this lens system 210 to match the geometry of a dodecahedron and permit 360 degree imaging:

1. Diameter of 1st lens element 270: 1.3763a;

2. Distance from 1st lens element 270 to center of dodecahedron: 1.1135a;

3. Distance from top of 1st lens element 270 to center of dodecahedron: 1.31a;

4. FOV=37.377 degrees;

5. φ_(Li)<(1.1135a−D_(L1, Li))tan(31.717°),

where φ_(Li) is the diameter of any lens element separated by a distance D_(L1, Li) from the first. Given the above five constraints, where all lenses are designed such that they fall within the 31.717 degree cone of light emanating from the center 280 of the dodecahedron, it is possible to construct a lens system 210 without parallax.

System Design

A geometry for the lenses (210) was chosen. Platonic solids have the property that they are composed of many solids of equal geometry and volume. For a system imaging 360 degrees, this allows the composite imaging system to be made from the same replicated lens design. A dodecahedron geometry was chosen because it is approximately spherical in its geometry.

In order for the edge rays of one imaging unit 210 to lie parallel to those of an adjacent unit, they must enter at the same angle. The angle shared by both imaging units is that of the dodecahedrons edge surface. At the center of the edge surface, the angle with respect to the center of the dodecahedron center is 31.717 degrees, as illustrated in FIG. 21. At the corner of the edge surface, the angle with respect to the center of the dodecahedron center 280 is 37.377 degrees, as illustrated in FIG. 22.

In order to make the rays along adjacent imaging units 210 match, the first lens 270 of the imaging unit 210 is cut into a pentagon 267, matching the surface of the dodecahedron. At the center of the edge, the ray 240 striking the surface enters with an angle of incidence of 31.717 degrees. At the corner of the edge, the angle of incidence of an entering ray is 37.377 degrees. At all points along the edge of the lens (270), the angle of incidence of an entering ray is made to match the geometry of the dodecahedron surface.

The angle of incidence for 37 rays along the edge of the pentagon lens was calculated using trigonometry, knowing the distance from the center of the dodecahedron to the center of the pentagon face, and knowing the distance from the center 280 of the dodecahedron to the edge point in question as shown in the FIGS. 21 and 22. The height of each ray was constrained to lie along the pentagon edge. For example, with a radius of 120 mm describing the circumscribed circle of surface 1, the ray at point 1 has a height of 48.54 mm and an angle of incidence of 31.717 degrees. The ray at point 37 has a height of 60 mm and an angle of incidence of 37.377 degrees. Table I describes the values for ray heights and angle of incidence for 37 points between Point 1 and Point 36 in FIG. 23.

TABLE I (Data showing constraints on 37 rays 240 lying along the edge of the first lens 270) Point Ray Height 245 Angle of Incidence 1 −48.54101966 31.71747441 2 −48.55131914 31.72137741 3 −48.58220446 31.7330904 4 −48.6336364 31.75262531 5 −48.70554989 31.78000204 6 −48.79785436 31.81524851 7 −48.91043437 31.8584007 8 −49.04315028 31.90950275 9 −49.19583915 31.96860698 10 −49.36831565 32.03577404 11 −49.56037318 32.111073 12 −49.77178508 32.19458149 13 −50.00230585 32.28638584 14 −50.25167251 32.38658121 15 −50.51960599 32.49527181 16 −50.80581256 32.61257109 17 −51.10998523 32.7386019 18 −51.43180524 32.87349676 19 −51.77094349 33.01739809 20 −52.12706197 33.17045845 21 −52.49981514 33.33284086 22 −52.88885128 33.50471903 23 −53.2938138 33.68627773 24 −53.7143425 33.87771306 25 −54.1500747 34.07923284 26 −54.60064642 34.29105695 27 −55.0656934 34.51341771 28 −55.54485206 34.74656026 29 −56.03776039 34.99074298 30 −56.54405884 35.2462379 31 −57.06339098 35.51333115 32 −57.59540424 35.7923234 33 −58.13975051 36.0835303 34 −58.69608667 36.38728295 35 −59.26407504 36.70392839 36 −59.84338384 37.03383003 37 −60 37.37736813

A diagram illustrating the ray constraints is shown in FIG. 24. Ray 1 has a height of 48.54 mm and an angle of incidence of 31.717 degrees. Ray 1 is the ray going through point 1 in FIG. 24. Ray 2 has a height of 60 mm and an angle of incidence of 37.377 degrees and is the ray going through point 37 in FIG. 24. All 37 rays 240 are constrained by the ray heights 245 and angles specified in the table above. Constrained in this way, all rays 240 enter the lens 270 at the same angle as the surface of the dodecahedron. Looking at those same rays in another way, we can see that the rays are constrained properly to a pentagon geometry at the correct angles of incidence, as illustrated in FIGS. 25 and 26.

PARTS LIST

-   -   10 optical system     -   12 object     -   14 image     -   16 optical axis     -   18 aperture stop     -   20 chief ray     -   25 imaging system, optical system, camera, imaging unit     -   28 field of view (FOV)     -   35 object space     -   40 imaging sensor, image sensor     -   50 360 degree imaging system, panoramic imaging system     -   60 NP point     -   100 panoramic imaging system     -   110 imaging system, lenses, lens system, imaging unit     -   115 image plane     -   120 optical axis     -   125 image sensor     -   130 field of view, FOV     -   135 object space     -   160 NP point, common point     -   170 front lens     -   200 panoramic imaging system     -   210 discrete imaging system, imaging system, imaging unit, lens         system     -   215 image plane     -   220 optical axis     -   225 image sensor     -   230 field of view, FOV     -   235 object space     -   240 ray, chief ray     -   242 refracted chief rays     -   245 ray heights     -   250 edge     -   260 NP point, common point     -   265 pentagon shaped lens     -   267 pentagon     -   270 front lens, first lens, first lens element, first element,         1^(st) lens element     -   272 second lens group     -   274 third lens group     -   276 aperture stop     -   278 lens elements     -   280 center     -   290 dodecahedron     -   300 adjacent systems, side by side array     -   310 wavefront sensor 

I claim:
 1. An imaging system, comprising: a first imaging system that forms a first image, the first imaging system having a first lens with a plurality of first edges defining a first polygonal shape, the first lens configured to capture first incident light from within a first polygonal-shaped field of view matching the first polygonal shape of the first lens; and a second imaging system that forms a second image, the second imaging system having a second lens with a plurality of second edges defining a second polygonal shape, the second lens configured to capture second incident light from within a second polygonal-shaped field of view matching the second polygonal shape of the second lens, wherein: a first edge of the plurality of first edges is adjacent a second edge of the plurality of second edges forming a common adjacent edge; the first edge and the second edge are configured such that a first chief ray incident the first edge is substantially parallel to a second chief ray incident the second edge; and a combined field of view of the first and second imaging systems is a sum of the first polygonal-shaped field of view and the second polygonal-shaped field of view.
 2. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the first image and the second image formed by the first imaging system and the second imaging system have minimal or no parallax along the common adjacent edge.
 3. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the first chief ray and the second chief ray appear, when viewed from an object space, to converge towards a point.
 4. The imaging system of claim 3, further comprising: a first image sensor associated with the first lens and disposed between the first lens and the point; and a second image sensor associated with the second lens and disposed between the second lens and the point.
 5. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first polygonal shape and the second polygonal shape is a pentagon.
 6. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first incident light from within first polygonal-shaped field of view or the second incident light from within the second polygonal-shaped field of view has an angular half width that is from about 31-degrees wide to about 37-degrees wide.
 7. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the first lens and the second lens are configured in a side-by-side array that conforms to a portion of a three-dimensional geometric shape.
 8. An imaging system, comprising: a first imaging system having a first lens, the first lens having a first polygonal shape and capturing first incident light from a first polygonal-shaped field of view that matches the first polygonal shape; and a second imaging system having a second lens, the second lens having a second polygonal shape and capturing second incident light from a second polygonal-shaped field of view that matches the second polygonal shape, wherein the first polygonal-shaped field of view and the second polygonal-shaped field of view are adjacent fields of view.
 9. The imaging system of claim 8, wherein: the first lens has a face that conforms to a three-dimensional geometric shape, and the first polygonal-shaped field of view is defined by a geometry calculated using a first distance between the face and a center of the three-dimensional geometric shape, a second distance between a center of the face and a center of an edge of the first lens, and a third distance between the center of the face and a corner of the first lens where the edges meet.
 10. The imaging system of claim 8, wherein edge surface angles of the first polygonal-shaped field of view are aligned along the edges of the first lens.
 11. The imaging system of claim 10, wherein: a first edge of the first lens is adjacent a second edge of the second lens to form a common adjacent edge; and the first edge and the second edge are configured such that a first chief ray incident the first edge is substantially parallel to a second chief ray incident the second edge.
 12. The imaging system of claim 11, wherein the first chief ray and the second chief ray appear, when viewed from the object space, to converge toward a common point.
 13. The imaging system of claim 11, wherein images formed by the first and second imaging systems have minimal or no parallax along the common adjacent edge.
 14. The imaging system of claim 12, further comprising: a first image sensor associated with the first lens and disposed between the first lens and the common point; and a second image sensor associated with the second lens and disposed between the second lens and the common point.
 15. The imaging system of claim 8, wherein the first polygonal-shaped field of view and the second polygonal-shaped field of view together form a combined field of view.
 16. The imaging system of claim 8, wherein at least one of a first incident light from within the first polygonal-shaped field of view and a second incident light from within the second polygonal-shaped field of view has an angular half width that is nominally from about 31-degrees wide to about 37-degrees wide.
 17. An imaging system, comprising: a lens system that captures light from a polygonal-shaped field of view and forms an image on an image sensor, the lens system having a first lens with a polygonal shape, the first lens configured to capture incident light from a polygonal-shaped field of view that matches the polygonal shape of the first lens.
 18. The imaging system of claim 17, wherein: the first lens has a face that conforms to a three-dimensional geometric shape, and the first polygonal-shaped field of view is defined by a geometry calculated using a first distance between the face and a center of the three-dimensional geometric shape, a second distance between a center of the face and a center of an edge of the first lens, and a third distance between the center of the face and a corner of the first lens where the edges meet.
 19. The imaging system of claim 17, wherein an edge of the first lens has an angle and the first lens is configured such that a chief ray incident the edge is substantially parallel to the angle.
 20. The imaging system of claim 17, wherein the polygonal shape of the first lens is that of a pentagon. 